POSIX Access Control Lists (ACLs) are more fine-grained access rights for files and directories. An ACL consists of entries specifying access permissions on an associated object. ACLs can be configured per user, per group or via the effective rights mask.
More information can be found here.
It should be noted, that in 14.04 and newer, POSIX ACLs will work out of the box and need no additional packages installed.
The following command will set the ACL recursive, for the user 'yourusername' to have read, write, and execute permissions on /var/www-data and beyond.
setfacl -R -m u:yourusername:rwx /var/www-data
To see the ACL's set for the folder...
getfacl /var/www-data
And to remove the ACL you just set...
setfacl -x u:yourusername /var/www-data