This section covers advanced topics in phonetics (sounds) and phonology (systems of sounds).

What's in this section?

The parts of this section are:

• Common sounds: Technical details that weren't covered in the Intermediate section, about sounds that were covered — things like gemination, diphthongs, and suprasegmentals.
• Unusual sounds: Sounds that humans can produce, but that don't often occur in the world's languages, like clicks and pharyngeals.
• Non-human phonologies: What kinds of phonetics and phonology might apply to a language whose speakers aren't human.