This is my desktop. No bar exists. (the version of my Ubuntu is 16.04.6 LTS)

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2 Answers
If you use Ubuntu Mate, you can launch a terminal using CTRL+ALT+T keys. In the terminal, type:
mate-tweak
...and press enter key. It will launch the Mate Tweak application from which you should be able to select new interface disposition and toolbars.
Edit:
Since it did not work, could you please try reinstalling dconf? Steps follow:
sudo apt remove --purge dconf-cli
Ubuntu will uninstall other packages here. List them and record them for example in a text file for future re-use. For me, with a fresh Ubuntu Mate install, the list was:
dconf-cli mate-tweak shotwell ubuntu-mate-core ubuntu-mate-desktop
Once done, please reboot:
sudo systemctl reboot
And then reinstall the packages (use your list of uninstalled packages here, mine might vary as compared to yours):
sudo apt install dconf-cli mate-tweak shotwell ubuntu-mate-core ubuntu-mate-desktop
And now you can try either mate-tweak
as I suggested before or dconf reset -f /
as suggested by Sahil Bansal.

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Interesting. Could you please update your question with the output of terminal command that follows? ls ".config/" – FloT Mar 28 '19 at 16:26
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autostart folder-color libreoffice Pinta update-notifier btsync freeplane mate plank user-dirs.dirs caja geany mate-session pluma user-dirs.locale chromium geogebra menus pulse variety compiz-1 gtk-2.0 mimeapps.list synapse vlc dconf gtk-3.0 mono.addins Trolltech.conf yelp enchant ibus opera ubuntu-mate – xdv-5-2018 Apr 02 '19 at 11:07
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Ok. Someone should have admin rights somewhere, so what about contacting an admin? I don't really see any other alternative here unfortunately... – FloT Apr 05 '19 at 20:47
The gui settings need to be reseted
dconf reset -f /
A word of caution: Please be mindful that this command will reset all customisation and tweaks you made in your system, including the pinned applications in the Unity launcher or Dock, desktop panel applets, desktop indicators, your system fonts, GTK themes, Icon themes, monitor resolution, keyboard shortcuts, window button placement, menu and launcher behaviour etc.
reference -> https://www.ostechnix.com/reset-linux-desktop-default-settings-single-command/
And: As the dconf reset command will reset more than just the Unity, GNOME Shell and MATE desktop you should not run it idly — oh, and do make a backup of your existing desktop beforehand, especially if you’ve made extensive customisations and tweaks to any of you the desktops mentioned above.
How? Run dconf dump.
Keep in mind that this command will only affect applications and desktop settings that are stored using dconf/gsettings. It will not reset other apps (e.g., Thunderbird, Google Chrome, Clementine, and so on), affect low-level settings (e.g., drivers, kernel versions, grub), nor will it reset other desktop environments (e.g., KDE Plasma).
reference -> https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2017/10/how-to-reset-ubuntu-desktop-to-default

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see if this helps https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/296231/cannot-save-changes-made-in-gnome-settings – Sahil Bansal Mar 29 '19 at 17:46
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if yes, please mark it as a correct answer, and don't forget to upvote https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/296231/cannot-save-changes-made-in-gnome-settings – Sahil Bansal Apr 01 '19 at 14:52
mate-panel --replace &
from the terminal. If you have two monitors - then try to follow other answer. – N0rbert Mar 27 '19 at 21:31