Booting Ubuntu alongside a Windows partition most likely causes a bad superblock error message because Windows 10/11 enables a form of hibernation by default known as fast startup. With fast startup the Windows filesystems remain mounted even when Windows is not running and you try to mount them again in Ubuntu.
There are two ways to disable fast startup in Windows: in the Control Panel and from an elevated command prompt.
Control Panel:
- Go to Control Panel -> Hardware and Sound -> Power Options.
- Select Choose what the power buttons do.
- Select Change settings that are currently unavailable.
- Under the Shutdown settings heading, uncheck the Turn on fast startup (recommended) checkbox.
Command line:
Run this command from an elevated command prompt.
REG ADD "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Power" /V HiberbootEnabled /T REG_dWORD /D 0 /F