The method to backup your sources list has already been described by garbagecollector (also note the additional directory as explained by Javier Rivera).
To backup the trusted keys added to your system you can use the apt-key command line program. I don't know if there is a way to do this from the GUI.
From a terminal you can run something like this:
sudo apt-key exportall > ~/repositories.key
Then on your other system you should be able to import that key file from Software Sources or you can use apt-key again:
sudo apt-key add /path/to/repositories.key
I only have one Ubuntu desktop system so I haven't tested this out, but I think it should work.
W: GPG error: http://linux.dropbox.com lucid Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY FC918B335044912E
– RyanScottLewis Aug 12 '10 at 14:03