Short version:
Long version:
The long version requires an understanding of the repository methodology. In short, as compared to the historical method on Windows or Mac, where you go to various websites, download the piece of software you want, and install it, most Linux distributions (Ubuntu included) rely on a repository. The repository is a community resource administered by maintainers that is basically a huge source of available software for your machine. The upside is that installing software from the repository ensures that you do not install rogue software (i.e., malware), and that all software on your machine stays automatically up-to-date.
Whenever the community repositories update a package, they also update meta information about the package (the version number, basically). The meta information includes a digital signature that ensures that when you download the update, that you downloaded the correct update, and that it wasn't corrupted in transit. The message you are receiving is basically saying that the package updates you would be downloading do not match what your copy of the repository indexes suggest they should be. Nine times out of ten, this means that you need to grab an updated copy of the indexes. Hence, sudo apt-get update
is your friend.
For more information on "this repository thing," check out the Ubuntu wiki entry.