On installation whenever the installer finds another OS on the drive we can choose to install "Alongside" in dual- or multi-boot, or we can choose to "Replace..." an existing OS with Ubuntu.
"Replace" in the case of one harddisk
This will repartition the enire drive with standard partitions for Ubuntu. All other partitions including Windows (e.g. C:
), and all data partitions (e.g. D:
, E:
,...) on that drive will be deleted and overwritten.
This also is why we have so many questions from unfortunate people who erroneously assumed that only a single partition will be used.
"Replace" in the case of several harddisks
This is different on a system having more than one physical drive. The installer then lets us choose which drive to use. Still, the drive chosen will be deleted and repartitioned as a whole.

Installer of 14.04. in Virtual Box
"Something else" in the case we need to keep partitions
In case we need to preserve partitions on installation we should therefore choose to "Do something else" to be able to manually edit the partition layout. We then also have to make sure to not format those partitions we still need.
Too late - I only read this after I had removed all my data
In this case not all is lost. It is recommended to stop using this drive to be able to run data recovery tools as shown here: