I think the screenshot explains it better than I can. I'd like to post a helpful bug report on Launchpad, but how do I even explain this?
This seems to have come on as a result of a failed update - the desktop was in this condition after I restarted. Mouse events in the launcher or menu bar on the small desktop updates the graphics on both the small desktop and the large (Note this is a single laptop screen.)
The greeter looks and behaves fine, but entering a password and pressing Enter
brings up the broken desktop as seen above.
I tried these from command-line mode, and received the same result every time.
sudo unity --reset
sudo lightdm restart
sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get install cinnamon
(Note that Cinnamon had very similar problems)
I'm currently using the 3.13.0-32-generic kernel, which works perfectly fine.
How do I even begin to debug this? Should I just reinstall? The computer is only about a year old, so I'm not averse to that. Will running updates on the older kernel fix the problem?
EDIT: Actually, I do recall choosing a different driver (under the Additional Drivers application) as an attempt to squeak out better gaming FPS - is that a probable cause?