I've just installed Ubuntu for the first time, and trying to set parameters for web server. As I've understand I have to place my website inside /var/www/html folder, but I can't even create a file in there. What's the catch? How do I get root permissions?
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The accepted answer is not a proper way to do this.
You should read: Whats the simplest way to edit and add files to "/var/www"? and follow the suggestions there.

Duncubuntu
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If you want to do this in Terminal or SSH, instead of using your graphical interface, you just need prefix your commands with sudo. Eg:
New folder:
sudo mkdir testsite
Edit a file:
sudo nano index.html
Also, a quick and dirty way of always giving yourself access:
sudo chown -R username /var/www/html
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gksu nautilus /var/www/html
in terminal

ike
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gksu is depreciaged and most servers are not running X – Panther Oct 30 '14 at 04:41
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Don't know but it worked for me. I had to let it install 'gksu' program, and later it prompted me to create 'root/.config/nautilus folder' and now I'm looking at my webpage. Thank you very much Ike. – Cornelius Oct 30 '14 at 04:45