I've tried installing Ubuntu several times as a standalone OS on my Toshiba Portege z935 which has a UEFI Bios and came pre-installed with windows 8 and it does not work. Is it really only possible to dual boot with Windows 8?
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Fedora and Windows install a file called \EFI\BOOT\BOOTx64.EFI
(x64
is the architecture and can be something like ARM
too) in the EFI System Partition (ESP) which allows to boot an application or operating system when the NVRAM entries (storage on the mainboard) to boot a certain OS are not available or missing. Ubuntu currently doesn't provide such a file, which results in a non-bootable installation in these cases.
You can follow these instructions which install and configure Gummiboot for such scenarios. You can even configure this for secure boot. I already filed a bug, but it doesn't seem to get taken seriously.

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sudo parted -l
from terminal what's the output for the SSD 120GB disk? paste output here and paste link as reply. – Oct 31 '14 at 04:49