I downloaded the iso image from http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ and verified the checksums.
Failed attempts to resolve the problem:
- disabling secure boot
- disabling uefi boot altogether
- disabling quick boot
- using the OEM install option (in my desperation I thought this might help...)
For the installation I use a 100% free hard drive on which I create a GPT partition table with GParted. The EFI partition is formatted with FAT32 and I also enabled the boot flag with GParted.
What could I possibly be doing wrong? Why is this so difficult?
Are you reaching the bootloader? - No. My Thinkpad instead starts the BIOS boot menu where I can select where to boot from or enter the BIOS settings. When I select "ubuntu" in this menu nothing happens.
Can you plug in an usb key, boot in the live distro and check with gparted of fdisk the state of the drive you used to install the OS? - I can boot the the USB without any problems, even with secure boot enabled. I did a check with the LIVE USB from within the first menu that pops up once the install USB boots (it's the option at the very bottom). The result was that the installation is fine.