Is there online a textual (simple text, HTML, pdf...), updated document where it is listed all the software I can install using apt-get install
?
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The Ubuntu Package Index lists available packages in the official repositories, their versions, the repositories they belong to, and other such details. There are links for browsing through available packages. The list of all packages is also available for each currently supported release (for example, the list for 14.04: http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/allpackages - beware, it's very long).

muru
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You can obtain a list of all the packages available by typing the command:
apt-cache search .

dr_
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The command we need to use is dpkg --get-selections
, which will give us a list of all the currently installed packages.
$ dpkg --get-selections
adduser install
alsa-base install
alsa-utils install
apache2 install
apache2-mpm-prefork install
apache2-utils install
apache2.2-common install
apt install
apt-utils install

muru
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Maya Flowers
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5The question states all packages available for installation, not only those already installed. – rbialon Jan 18 '16 at 17:47
wget -O- "http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/allpackages?format=txt.gz" | gzip -d | wc -l
and minus six header lines, it contains 53803 packages. – rbialon Jan 18 '16 at 18:21