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There are really a lot of possible causes for this behavior. Try to do a complete new install of ubuntu while the BIOS is in legacy mode. Setup the SATA controller as AHCI is fine and should left untouched. Ensure that the harddisk has an MBR partition table! Install the grub loader as a MBR (i.e. /dev/sda) and not as an bootrecord (i.e. /dev/sda1).
To ensure that the disk has a MBR parition table you may boot the ubuntu life system and create a new empty partition table on your harddisk with the fdisk or gparted programs.
You may start an ubuntu live system and open a terminal. Gain root access in the terminal shell by typing
sudo -i
Than try to find out the device name of your hard disk, have a look at the output of
ls -al /dev/disk/by-id/
There should be a line ending up in /dev/sda or /dev/sdb where the left part thereon meets your diskname.
Supposed it is /dev/sda
, than you start fdisk:
fdisk /dev/sda
In fdisk you can get an overview about available commands by typing m+return.
Create a new MBR partition table with o+return and write it to the disk and leave the fdisk program with w+return.
Thereafter reboot the system and try again an installation of ubuntu on the disk.