i have an OWC thunderbolt dock attached to my dell precision m3800 (which is mostly the same as yours) via its thunderbolt 2 interface. I just plugged it in and it worked.
Thunderbolt is hot plug pci which has been in the linux kernel for some time (2.6 i think) as its used by some big storage systems , however accessing it via a usbc port is new.
heres my lspci with the dock
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor DRAM Controller (rev 06)
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x16 Controller (rev 06)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 4th Gen Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 06)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller (rev 06)
00:04.0 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation Device 0c03 (rev 06)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI (rev 05)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #2 (rev 05)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev d5)
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #3 (rev d5)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #4 (rev d5)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev d5)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1 (rev 05)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation HM87 Express LPC Controller (rev 05)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family 6-port SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 05)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller (rev 05)
00:1f.6 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series Chipset Family Thermal Management Controller (rev 05)
02:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GK107GLM [Quadro K1100M] (rev ff)
06:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Wireless 7260 (rev bb)
07:00.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTS5249 PCI Express Card Reader (rev 01)
08:00.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 157e
09:00.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 157e
09:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 157e
0a:00.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Device 157d
0b:00.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:00.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:03.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:04.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0c:05.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation DSL5520 Thunderbolt [Falcon Ridge]
0d:00.0 USB controller: Fresco Logic FL1100 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 10)
0e:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
0f:00.0 USB controller: Fresco Logic FL1100 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 10)
10:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): LSI Corporation FW643 [TrueFire] PCIe 1394b Controller (rev 08)
Your kernel will enable the usb c port if it has the drivers for it , if so it will appear in the output of this command
lspci -d ::0c03 -k
try newer kernels until you find one that can enable it, the intel chipsets should be fully supported in the upstream kernel but seem not to have made it to the ubuntu ones.
There should be entries in your logs related to attempts to enable the port, please post them here.
Update:
in theory you should be able to run the following command to rescan the pci bus which might help to wake up your dock.
echo "1" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/rescan > /dev/null