Long story short, the software store is not very good. Use something better.
In linux, software is organized in to pieces called packages. Each package has in it everything a particular program needs to run. Packages can range in size and scale from very large (like KDE, a desktop environment) to having nothing more than a new font. All of these pieces of software are tracked by a package manager.
Personally, when I need a graphical window for managing packages, I use synaptic. In order to install it, you can use the following command in a terminal.
sudo apt install synaptic
This command will use 'apt' to retrieve and install the package for synaptic, run with 'sudo' to give apt permission to install software. When trying to run synaptic after installation, synaptic may complain that it does not have the permissions it needs. To fix this, run it by going into a terminal and typing
sudo synaptic
Synaptic will allow you to search for packages. The way it works is packages are first 'makred', for installation, updating, or removal. Once you have declared all of the changes to your packages that you want, hit the 'apply' button, and synaptic will run all of the commands needed to perform the operations you specified.
While synaptic is very useful, you do not need it in order to install packages. If you know the name of the package, you can install it with the same command we used to install synaptic.
sudo apt install <packageName>
Of course, you would replace with the name of the package you want to install.
Similarly, you can use 'apt' to remove packages you want gone from your system. You use this command:
sudo apt remove <packageName>
If you do not know the exact name of the package you are looking for, you can search for it with the following command.
apt search <packageName>
This will print out a list of packages that had your search term in their name or description. Notice how I did not use 'sudo' for this command, as it does not actually install anything.
So, thats how linux software works (kinda, you may want to investigate how repositories work). I hope this helped you better understand How all of the software on your new linux install works.
sudo apt-get install -f
and [edit] your question to include the output of that command? To achieve the latter two you can either 1) select, copy & paste the dialogue text or terminal content or 2) save the program output to a file and use that. Longer listings (>100 lines) should be uploaded to a pastie service and linked to in the question. Thanks. – David Foerster Dec 27 '16 at 08:54