I have Xubuntu 16.04.1 LTS on a MacBook Air 11" 2014. The screen brightness buttons work flawlessly at boot, however if I suspend the computer and wake it up again anything bellow 80% brightness makes the screen so dark that there is no backlight at all and anything above 80% brightness sets the display at full brightness.
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The problem was actually apple specific and is a known issue with Ubuntu on Macbooks.
Here is a resource on how to solve most of the problems with running Ubuntu on a macbook
A workaround for the backlight problem is also there:
Look at comment 78 of this bug report
Patrik Jakobsson wrote a kernel module that directly programs the backlight driver and it works!
If you don't want to compile by yourself, follow these steps.
Install Build-Essentials and headers
sudo apt-get install build-essential linux-headers-generic
Download mba6xbl-dkms_0.0.3_all.deb and install it with
sudo dpkg -i mba6xbl-dkms_0.0.3_all.deb Note: Repeat this installation step each time you kernel gets updated.
Load the module:
sudo modprobe mba6x_bl
- Log out and log back in. It should load automatically on next boot
I do not recommend downloading the (mba6xbl-dkms_0.0.3_all.deb) because it personally did not work for me, try a newer version: mba6xbl-dkms_1.0.0_all.deb

Egene
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I am currently working on a bash script that will allow me to change my brightness with hotkeys using xrandr. I will be posting it here when it is done
– Egene Jan 15 '17 at 22:12