In my case a local Debian 8 server had shut down while I was away on holiday and by the time I got it restarted it had picked up another IP address from the DHCP server.
I needed to obtain the new IP address like this:
sudo ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr' | cut -d':' -f2 | cut -d' ' -f1
Then I needed to edit my my.cnf file:
vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
Find this section:
# Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on
# localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.
bind-address = 192.168.0.42
and change it to match the correct IP address:
# Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on
# localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.
bind-address = 192.168.0.53
After that I had no problem getting the server restarted.