I suppose if pavucontrol gui does not start, we need fix that first. Somehow, I believe that the line you quote is just a warning about pavucontrol. does the gui show up? That same warning appears for many GTK based programs.
The sound answer is almost always that the output device is muted or has volume O. When you attack this, think of it like a radio plugged into a stereo plugged into a tv. If any one is volume 0, no sound. Your player might send signal to a generic channel. Pavucontrol last pane options might help control. Also, you can control if jack is on.
You might be able to see this if you play song in rhythmbox. Launch pavucontrol from terminal and look see is the sound is registered there, in output panel. You may see sound indicator but hear nothing because wrong output selected. (May send to internal device speakers, even if no speakers exist. when song is playong, sound meter line should bounce in output window. In the panels, you'll see lots of choices to turn off or on. Keep banging on it. Sometimes still I have easier time with alsa-mixer, you more easily see devices are off or volume 0. If you run alsa-mixer, gui is more primative. Muted channels say M. If is very possible your system has both alsa sound device and pulseaudio, if you hear nothing out of pulse, perhaps alsa is in charge.
Another part of problem is that different player software will send signal to different outputs. So far from your story, we dont even know for sure your player is a pulse audio device. Instead, it might be sending to alsa device.
I suppose the type of sound card matters too. If you don't find volume control fix, post again with output from lspci. That might give hint.
Write back, if you tell more, I'll remember more. Spent lots of time on it in the old days, when sound cards were costly. We fought this all the time. Can you imagine I paid $255 for a sound card in 2002. Of course, a computer ccost $3500 then ;)
Good luck
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Device 5910 (rev 05) 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Skylake PCIe Controller (x16) (rev 05) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI Controller (rev 31) 00:14.2 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation Sunrise Point-H Thermal subsystem (rev 31) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Sunrise Point-H CSME HECI #1 (rev 31)
– Zack Nel May 26 '17 at 06:14