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Disclaimer: I already asked this question on another SE site, because I initially thought this is an issue caused by a specific GIS software. The more I looked into it, I realised that it's dpkg that's causing the problems, so here goes:

OS: Ubuntu 16.04.3 (kernel 4.10.0-33-generic)

I wanted to upgrade the package qgis, but received an error message:

/usr/bin/qgis.bin: symbol lookup error: /usr/lib/libqgis_core.so.2.14.17: undefined symbol: OGR_F_SetFieldNull

I tried reinstalling the whole thing with

sudo apt purge qgis* python-qgis* --auto-remove
sudo apt install qgis python-qgis qgis-plugin-grass

However, these are the error messages I end up with:

dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of qgis:
 qgis depends on qgis-providers (= 2.14.17+dfsg-1~xenial3); however:
  Package qgis-providers is not configured yet.

dpkg: error processing package qgis (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up qgis-plugin-grass-common (2.14.17+dfsg-1~xenial3) ...
No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
                                                                                                          dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of qgis-provider-grass:
 qgis-provider-grass depends on qgis (= 2.14.17+dfsg-1~xenial3); however:
  Package qgis is not configured yet.

dpkg: error processing package qgis-provider-grass (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of qgis-plugin-grass:
 qgis-plugin-grass depends on qgis (= 2.14.17+dfsg-1~xenial3); however:
  Package qgis is not configured yet.
 qgis-plugin-grass depends on qgis-provider-grass (= 2.14.17+dfsg-1~xenial3); however:
  Package qgis-provider-grass is not configured yet.

No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
                                                                                                          No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
                                                                                                                                                                        dpkg: error processing package qgis-plugin-grass (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 qgis-providers
 qgis
 qgis-provider-grass
 qgis-plugin-grass
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

By now, I tried fixing dpkg like this; reinstalling dpkg gives me the same error message as above if QGIS is installed. Obviously, there are some leftovers of the old installation that remove --purge doesn't get rid of and I'm out of ideas what else to try. Any idea how this can be possible?

Edit: Here's the output of sudo dpkg --configure -a

karpfen
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