You have an UEFI system and UEFI install, but somehow converted the ESP - efi system partition sda2 from FAT32 to NTFS. It must be FAT32 with boot flag to be seen as ESP.
And now all references to ESP in fstab, grub, & UEFI are to now missing ESP. You will have to recreate ESP and at least a total reinstall of grub. The reinstall of grub can be done from Boot-Repair's advanced options.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair
https://sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair/home/Home/
Some brands of systems will only boot "Windows Boot Manager" as UEFI entry. That is a violation of UEFI standards, but it is by description only, so we can make booting Ubunutu's shimx64.efi have that description. You then boot Windows entry to actually boot Ubuntu. sdX is drive, Y is efi partition example for sda2
sudo efibootmgr -c -L "Windows Boot Manager" -l "\EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi" -d /dev/sda -p 2
man efibootmgr
http://askubuntu.com/questions/486752/dual-boot-win-8-ubuntu-loads-only-win/486789#486789
/usr/sbin/grub-install
appears to be corrupted (see line 1445 of the Boot-Info log). It's possible to repair the Grub package but it's rather likely that other applications are corrupted too leading to unexpected system behaviour. – David Foerster Nov 15 '17 at 19:25