Expressing pm versus am

In Dutch, rather than using am/pm, the 24 hours of a day are roughly divided in four 6 hour periods with four adverbial expressions. Click on the arrows to hear the pronunciation.

Notice that each of these adverbial expressions start with 's. It is an abbreviation of the old genitive masculine of the article de: des. The nouns behind it also have an -s as ending. This too is an old fossilized genitive. Dutch no longer has a functioning system of case endings like German does, but there is plenty of relics still in daily use.

The nouns used are:

Instead of "'s morgens" one can also use "'s ochtends"

The times 12pm and 12am are called

Parts of the hour

We have seen that "half" is used to show the half hour, but the usage is different by one whole hour

• Halftwee 's middags - Half past one in the afternoon.

The quarter hours are not so hard

• Kwart voor twee - 1h45
• Kwart over twee - 2h15

A few minutes before or after the hour go the same way:

• Vijf voor vier: 3h55
• Tien over vier: 4:10

However, closer to the half hours, the half hour can be taken as reference point:

• Vijf over half twee: 1:35
• Tien voor half zes: 5:20

In the latter case we can also use the closest whole hour as reference point:

• Twintig na vijf: 5:20

Numbers after a preposition

When an approximate reference to an hour is given by just a numeral after a preposition, the numeral may have an ending -en. Once again this is a relict of the case endings, a dative in this case.

E.g. the last example could also be

• Twintig na vijven: 5:20

This is more common in sentences like

Het is even voor drieën - It's almost three o'clock

Het loopt al tegen tienen - It's running on ten o'clock

Na zessen is het bureau gesloten - After six the bureau is closed.