< Turkish < Pronunciation and Alphabet
| IPA | English equivalent | Example | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | /a/ | like "a" in car | at "horse" az "few" |
[at] [az] |
| Bb | /b/ | b in bait | bey "mister" bar "bar" |
[bej] [baɾ] |
| Cc | /d͡ʒ/ | like "j" in John | Cem (a men's name) caz "jazz" |
[d͡ʒem] [d͡ʒaːmi][1] |
| Çç | /t͡ʃ/ | like "ch" in chip | çam "pine" çok "many" |
[t͡ʃam] [t͡ʃok] |
| Dd | /d̪/ | "d" in daddy | dil "tongue, language" demir "iron" |
[dil] [demiɾ] |
| Ee | /e̞/ | similar to "e" in pet | el "hand" elektrik "electricity" |
[el] [electric] |
| Ff | /f/ | "f" in fit | fare "mouse" fil "elephant" |
[faːre] [fil] |
| Gg [2] | /ɟ/ /g/ | g in good, spelled softer with front vowels | gemi "ship" garaj "garage" |
[ɟemi] [gaɾaˈʒ] |
| Ğğ [2] [3] | /ː/ /j/ /ʝ/ /ɣ/ | Historically, this letter was pronounced as a consonant, but in the modern standard Istanbul Turkish dialect, it either elongates the previous vowel, functions like a vowel glide, or is silent. | eğitim "education" soğuk "cold" uğur "luck" değnek "cane" |
[eʝitim] [soɣuk] [uːɾ] [dejnec] |
| Hh | /h/ | "h" in hat | hız "speed" harita "map" |
[hɯz] [haɾita] |
| Iı | /ɯ/ | Similar to "e" in danger, but more accented | ısı "heat" ışık "light" |
[ɯsɯ] [ɯʃɯk] |
| İi | /i/ | "i" in fit | ip "string, rope" iki "two" |
[ip] [ici] |
| Jj | /ʒ/ | "s" in vision | Japon "Japanese" jeoloji "geology" |
[ʒapon] [ʒeoɫoʒi] |
| Kk [2] | /k/ /c/ | "c" in cat, spelled softer with front vowels | kedi "cat" kapı "door" |
[cedi] [kapɯ] |
| Ll [2] | /l/ /ɫ/ | "l" in life, spelled harder with back vowels | el "hand" al "red" |
[el] [aɫ] |
| Mm | /m/ | m in me | mavi "blue" mor "purple" |
[maːvi] [moɾ] |
| Nn | /n/ | "n" in near | neden "why" nar "pomegranate" |
[neden] [naɾ] |
| Oo | /o/ | "oa" in boat | on "ten" okul "school" |
[on] [okuɫ] |
| Öö | /ø/ | like "i" in bird, but with rounded lips | ön "front" öküz "ox" |
[øn] [økyz] |
| Pp | /p/ | "p" in pet | palto "overcoat" peri "fairy" |
[paɫto] [peɾi] |
| Rr | /ɾ/ | "r" in rat, with tongue slightly tapped once on the palate | radyo "radio" Romanya "Romania" |
[ɾaˈdjo] [ɾomanja] |
| Ss | /s/ | "s" in sea | su "water" saksı "flower pot" |
[su] [saksɯ] |
| Şş | /ʃ/ | "sh" in shoe | şu "that" şapşal "fool" |
[ʃu] [ʃapʃaɫ] |
| Tt | /t/ | "t" in tea | Türk "Turkish" tür "kind, type, species" |
[tyɾk] [tyɾ] |
| Uu | /u/ | "oo" in good, but shorter | uçak "airplane" un "flour" |
[ut͡ʃak] [un] |
| Üü | /y/ | "u" in cure | üzüm "grape" ün "fame" |
[yzym] [yn] |
| Vv | /ʋ/ | "v" in vet | vazo "vase" var "exists, there is" |
[ʋazo] [ʋaɾ] |
| Yy | /j/ | "y" in year | yol "road" yok "doesn't exist, there isn't" |
[joɫ] [jok] |
| Zz | /z/ | z in zebra | zebra "zebra" zor "hard" |
[zebɾaˈ] [zoɾ] |
Notes
- ↑ Long vowels only occurs in Arabic and Persian loanwords
- 1 2 3 4 Consnants "g", "ğ", "k" and "l" have a special feature called palatalization. Simply put, this letters are spelled slightly harder when used with back vowels and slightly softer when used with front vowels, as in modern Greek. That's a subtle difference, so people would still understand you when you don't regard that rule (although people will understand that you're a foreigner instantly). Only exceptions to this rule are a few Arabic and Persian loanwords. In that cases, a "hat" (şapka) [^] is put on the following vowel to indicate that preceeding consonant is spelled softer and usually "hatted" vowel is longer. eg; rüzgâr (wind) [ɾyzɟaɾ], kâfir (infidel) [caːfiɾ], lâle (tulip) [laːle]
- ↑ "Ğ" never occurs initially. The letter itself is named "yumuşak ge" (soft g).
Notes
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