I tried installing MatLab from the software center out of curiosity, without having installed the executables. This led to the install unable to complete. I closed the GUI of the installer window, but that did not cancel the install. I see no cancel button.
4 Answers
I assume this is what you are talking about?
Near the top of the Software Center is a bar with "All Software, Installed, and History" When you have a install working, there is also an In progress to the right of History
Click on the In Progress tab and you will see Matlab with the progress bar, next to the progress bar will be an X if you click the X it will cancel the install.
If you have already installed it, you can not cancel it but you can completely remove it from your system. The easiest way to get rid of it completely would be in a terminal, enter this command
sudo apt-get purge matlab-support

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I just figured it out
goto a command line and enter the following.
pkill -15 dpkg
**this may be last measure to get software centre to continue processing
and when I did it I had to then install MatLab Manually

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Yes... I dont know why I have been so downvoted but I guess it wasnt helpful for most?
pkill kills processes and -15 means terminate the process and dpkg is what unpacks and installs the programs
here is something I found just in case I am not clear enough
http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-kill-a-process-in-linux/
– UbuntuHusker Sep 02 '15 at 02:41 -
idk I had that issue and is why I found this then this worked for me and I decided to put it out there.... – UbuntuHusker Sep 02 '15 at 02:43
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pkill: killing pid 9553 failed: Operation not permitted pkill: killing pid 9555 failed: Operation not permitted pkill: killing pid 9557 failed: Operation not permitted – Amruth A Sep 01 '16 at 04:54
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Killing the process is not the same as cancelling an installation. Basically a proper 'cancel' behavior would be to not keep any residual files in the system (which could be a lot in some cases) and also undo any changes that were made after the installation started. Killing the process will just shut it off and not take care of the garbage that was downloaded/installed. – Muhammad bin Yusrat Jul 25 '19 at 18:14
This method does not install MatLab, but rather tries to configure it for better integration with the Ubuntu/Debian standard (for applications installation).
Do you already have MatLab (non-free software)?
Have you tried going back into Software Center, searching installed software for 'MatLab', and then click on 'Remove'?

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I faced an almost exact problem that was resolved on this thread: Unable To Cancel Installation In Software Center (Matlab)
It involves finding the blocking processes and killing them.
sudo apt-get purge matlab-support
does nothing. – Caleb Stanford Feb 03 '15 at 01:25