The graphics issue aside, your main problem is the overheating.
As it works on Windows but not on Ubuntu it means that your Laptop is using the CPU so its doing something. Obvious statement but the number of "rogue" processes that people have on their computers can cause this issue. The fact that the fan is constantly running and you still get heating issues means there is a rogue process.
Look at simple utilities like top
to see what is using your CPU cycles.
Use the services
command to determine that you haven't installed services like MYSQL or Apache that you don't need.
Is the brightness set to high? (indirect heat contributor)
Are there USB drives attached that are not self powered?
Or is the fan running at a lower rate than in Windows so the fan is not doing the job it needs to to cool down the CPU. (There are fan utilities that allow you to see how quickly the fan is spinning in both O/S systems)
Windows tends to have better fan control which is why I suggested the last item.
Run with the most basic video driver. If you installed one the has the 3D bells and whistles remove it to see if that helps.
Thats all I can think of at the moment, good luck!
lspci | grep VGA
), also include result ofgrep bumblebeed /var/log/syslog
– Web-E Mar 01 '13 at 17:40top
and then press shift+p to sort by processor usage, or install htop which is a bit easier to use. – catalesia Mar 01 '13 at 17:51