We are very sorry to inform you that your Windows partition has died after a violent purge from the Ubuntu installer.

As you can see in the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda
, only two partitons are detected :
- A Linux partition with a boot flag, probably your
/
filesystem.
- An extended partition, which actually is a swap.
According to gparted, the rest is unallocated disk space, meaning it has no filesystem, no partitionning scheme, nothing. This is quite like a no man's land.
It is very likely that pieces of your (naturally) fragmented Windows data is spread all over the disk, including in the unallocated space. However, without a proper partitionning scheme and a filesystem, this data is meaning-less and inaccessible. Re-formating the space might cause another loss of data.
Sadly, the comment from Rod Smith is true : everything got messed up. You might be able to recover a few things, but that's it. If you want a piece of advice... this is a good occasion to start over in a beautiful, Linux-based, universe (I'm trying to see the positive, only the positive!)